Bear Paw Battlefield

Managing agency

National Park Service

The Bear Paw Battlefield is the location of the final battle of the Nez Perce Flight of 1877. Following the breakout of war in Idaho, approximately 800 Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) spent a long and arduous summer fleeing U.S. Army troops first toward Crow allies and then toward refuge in Canada. After the skirmishes at Canyon Creek, the Nimiipuu arrived at C’aynnim Alikinwaaspa (Place of the Manure Fire, now known as the Bear Paw Battlefield), a mere forty miles short of the Canadian border. Following a five-day battle and siege, the Nimiipuu ceased fighting at Bear Paw on October 5th, 1877, in which Chief Joseph gave his immortal speech: "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." The Battle at Bear Paw September 29, 1877 Abundant game and fresh water offered by Snake Creek made C’aynnim Alikinwaaspa a good place to camp and gather supplies. With General Oliver Otis Howard far behind them the Nimiipuu thought they had time to rest their weary hearts, bodies, and horses, and to hunt and butcher some bison before the final push to Canada. Their tipis destroyed at Big Hole left little else for protection. The people spent the night huddled in crude lodges and lean-tos, warmed only by blankets and fire pits burning bison dung. September 30, 1877 The morning found the non-treaty Nimiipuu preparing to break camp and head north. A rider pulled his horse to a halt on the south bluff waving a blanket to warn everyone that soldiers would be upon them in moments. Colonel Nelson Miles commanding 450 men had traveled approximately 260 miles in 9 days in an attempt to intercept the Nimiipuu. Some Nimiipuu attempted to escape. Warriors rushed to the bluffs above the camp to defend it. Others ran into camp to aid with the defense. The families trapped in camp sought shelter. Some, knowing the horses were critical to their escape, rushed to protect the herd. Black Eagle recalled: "I left going for the horses. I saw our horses not far away. The horses were wise to the shooting and all began to stampede." The attack came in two sweeping wings. The 2nd Cavalry hit the horse herd to the west of camp and in a five mile running battle captured most of the Nimiipuu horses. The 7th Cavalry charged directly towards the bluffs above the camp; warriors rose up from just below the edge of the bluff and stopped the charge cold. The fighting was intense with soldiers and warriors locked in close combat. With the aid of the 5th Infantry the soldiers secured the southern bluff but the warriors kept the soldiers from the camp and their families. Though the army was stopped, the Nimiipuu suffered serious losses as 26 died the first day including Chiefs Ollikut (Joseph's younger brother) and Lean Elk. As a cold night fell, both forces found themselves in a stalemate. The Nimiipuu could not escape without their horses and the soldiers could not dislodge the Nimiipuu from the camp. Both sides dug rifle pits and the lines were drawn for a prolonged siege. The Nimiipuu families used tu’kes (digging sticks used to harvest camas roots), knives, and trowel bayonets they had captured from the army during earlier engagements to dig shelter pits. October 1, 1877 Dawn brought fresh snow on the ground and ice in water buckets. That day under a white flag of truce, Chief Joseph met with Colonel Nelson Miles and both sides ventured forth to gather dead and wounded. At the end of the meeting, Joseph turned to leave. He was called back by Miles and was placed in chains to use as leverage. Seeing this occur the Nimiipuu made Lieutenant Jerome, who was very close to their camp on reconnaissance, a guest of theirs. By his account, he was given food, blanket, shelter, and allowed to move freely about the Nez Perce camp while retaining his pistol. October 2, 1877 The prisoners were exchanged and both returned to their home camps. The military supply train arrived with the 12-Pound Napoleon Cannon. Yellow Wolf remembered October 2 as the day Chief Looking Glass was killed. "Some warriors in [this] pit with him saw at a distance a horseback Indian. One pointed and called to Looking Glass, 'Look! A Sioux!" Looking Glass stepped quickly from the pit. Stood on the bluff unprotected. A bullet struck his left forehead and he fell back dead." Looking Glass was hopeful help had come from the camp of Sitting Bull in Canada. October 3, 1877 The fighting continued. The army targeted the area where the families were sheltered with cannon fire. October 4, 1877 General Howard arrived with a small retinue; as the remainder of his army had already been sent home. This information was not conveyed to the Nimiipuu still in camp. As far as they knew, a second army was on its way. October 5, 1877 That morning the two remaining hereditary leaders, White Bird and Joseph, met two Nez Perce men from the bands honoring the 1863 treaty, who were following General Howard at that time. They had entered camp to convince the remaining non-treaty Nimiipuu to quit fighting. Joseph and Whitebird were told that they would be returned to Idaho, the leaders will not be killed, and, most importantly, that the army wanted to quit fighting. White Bird mistrusted the army's promises and refused to surrender. However, Joseph returned to camp to tell the people that they could be saved by ending the fighting. This important decision was up to each individual. Choices were few and none were favorable. Could the Nimiipuu continue the fight? The supply of soldiers was endless. Should the Nimiipuu try to escape on foot under cover of darkness through the lands of traditional enemies? Not everyone could make this trip. Many were too weak. Who would care for the elders, children, and wounded? Would they be able to bury their dead? Would they be allowed to go home? At 2pm Joseph met with Miles and Howard, handed over his rifle, and made his now famous speech: "I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Tulhuulhulsuit is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say “Yes” or “No”. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are, perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." Afterwards, other Nimiipuu handed their weapons over to Miles in an understood mutual decision to lay down arms and negotiate peace. As to their destination, Miles told Joseph: "Which is the place that you love to stay in? I want you to tell me, as I have the power to remove these white people, and let you live there." Miles also promised: "I will give half of them [weapons] back to you after awhile." Aftermath All told, over 400 Nimiipuu agreed to quit fighting and turn themselves over the military care. Another group of 30 to 50 Nimiipuu left with White Bird that night; the last of between 200 and 300 people who did make it to Canada. The 126 day flight was over, but the plight of those capture and those who escaped to Canada was not even halfway over in terms of time and distance. Driving to Bear Paw Battlefield From Big Hole National Battlefield, turn left onto MT-43 East for 61 miles. Turn left to merge onto I-15 North. Continue for 18.3 miles. Take the I-90 East exit toward I-15 N/Butte. Merge onto I-15 North/I-90. Take exit 122 toward Rocker. Turn right toward Grizzly Trail. Turn left onto Grizzly Trail. Grizzly Trail turns right and becomes South Rocker Rd. Turn left onto Santa Claus Road. Turn right onto Centennial Avenue. Turn right onto Montana Street. Turn left onto La Salle Street. Use the left lane to take the I-15 N/I-90 E ramp. Take exit 129 for I-15 N toward Helena. Continue on I-15 N for 149 miles. Take exit 280 for Central Ave W toward US-87 N. Turn right onto Central Ave W (signs for US-87 N/City Center/Fairgrounds Areas). Turn left onto 3rd St NW. Continue onto Smelter Ave NE. Turn left onto Old Havre Hwy. Turn left on US-87 N and continue for 107 miles. Turn right onto US-2 E and continue for 24.4 miles. Turn right onto Cleveland Rd W. Slight right onto Cleveland Rd W/Missouri St. Continue onto Conner Ave. Slight right onto Cleveland Rd/Rte 240. The site battlefield will be on the left. Things to Do at Bear Paw Battlefield Explore the Site A self-guided 1 ¼ mile interpretive trail winds through the battlefield. The trail is moderate in difficulty. A brochure/trail map can be downloaded, or a physical copy can be picked up at the battlefield, the staff offices in town, or the Blaine County Museum. Picnic tables and vault toilets are available on site. Please bring a hat and plenty of water during the hotter summer months.